The regulation of aromatase expression in human cells via alternatively used promoters, which can be activated or inhibited by various hormones, increases the complexity of estrogen biosynthesis in the human body. Aromatase expression is under the control of the classically located proximal promoter II in the ovary and a far distal promoter I.
In skin, the promoter is I. In adipose tissue, 2 other promoters I. Moreover, the presence of a carcinoma in breast adipose tissue also causes a switch of promoter use from I.
Thus there can be complex mechanisms that regulate the extraglandular production of estrogen in a tissue-specific and state-specific fashion. Abstract Estradiol production is most commonly thought of as an endocrine product of the ovary; however, there are many tissues that have the capacity to synthesize estrogens from androgen and to use estrogen in a paracrine or intracrine fashion.
In this article, we look at estrogen in more detail, including how it works, what happens when the levels fluctuate, and medical uses. This type of estrogen is present in the body after menopause. It is a weaker form of estrogen and one that the body can convert to other forms of estrogen, as necessary. Both males and females produce estradiol, and it is the most common type of estrogen in females during their reproductive years. Too much estradiol may result in acne, loss of sex drive, osteoporosis, and depression.
Very high levels can increase the risk of uterine and breast cancer. However, low levels can result in weight gain and cardiovascular disease. Levels of estriol rise during pregnancy , as it helps the uterus grow and prepares the body for delivery.
Estriol levels peak just before birth. Ovaries: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of the egg follicle. Vagina: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication. Uterus: Estrogen enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus secretions. Breasts: The body uses estrogen in the formation of breast tissue. This hormone also helps stop the flow of milk after weaning.
Estrogen levels vary among individuals. This fluctuation can sometimes produce effects such as mood changes before menstruation or hot flashes in menopause. Learn more about high estrogen levels and low estrogen levels here. An imbalance of estrogen leads to :. Some hereditary and other conditions can lead to high levels of estrogen in males, which can result in:. Estrogen therapy can help manage menopause symptoms as part of hormone therapy, which people usually refer to as hormone replacement therapy.
The treatment may consist solely of estrogen estrogen replacement therapy, or ERT , or it may involve a combination of estrogen and progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone.
Hormone treatment is available as a pill, nasal spray, patch, skin gel, injection, vaginal cream, or ring. It may also help reduce the risk of osteoporosis, which increases when people enter menopause. Side effects include :. Some types of hormone therapy can also increase the risk of a stroke, blood clots, and uterine and breast cancer.
A doctor can advise a person on whether estrogen therapy is suitable for them. In addition to menopause, estrogen therapy can also help resolve :. Many combined oral contraceptives contain ethinyl estradiol , a synthetic estrogen. In the United States, ethinyl estradiol doses do not exceed 50mcg 30 , and are often lower, even 10 mcg When the contraceptive pill is taken as prescribed, it works by disrupting the normal communication between the brain and the ovaries, so that:.
Because follicle growth and ovulation is stopped, the natural production of estrogen and other hormones is affected, and may be responsible for any side effects or changes you may experience after starting the pill. The vaginal ring supplies a much lower dose od ethinyl estradiol of 15 mcg per day 33 , and the patch supplies 20 mcg There is no estrogen in progestin-only contraceptives, which include the progestin-only pill the mini-pill , the shot, the implant , and hormonal IUDs.
Using progestin-only contraceptives may influence the fine balance and complicated interactions of some or all of the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle. Often when one hormone level is changed, a ripple occurs and others are also impacted, including estrogen. These hormonal changes may cause changes in your symptoms or menstrual cycle. Each contraceptive may impact you and your symptoms differently, and some of these changes could be the result of different estrogen levels.
Depending on the type of progestin used and the dose in the pill, ovulation is not consistently stopped 10, How the mini-pill impacts natural estrogen levels is not well understood, and more research is needed. Hormonal IUDs are available in different progestin-doses, and usually do not stop ovulation. Whether ovulation and thus estrogen production stops depends on the progestin dose in the IUD and also the amount of time that IUD has been worn for Ovulation is not suppressed in most cases 10,36, The contraceptive injection works by preventing ovulation and suppressing the communication between the brain and the ovaries.
The implant does not dramatically change estradiol levels 39, After insertion, there may be a moderate decrease in estradiol levels, but these levels slowly rose to the pre-insertion estradiol levels or close to those levels over two to three years 39, Non-hormonal contraceptives like condoms and the copper-IUD will not impact your natural hormonal fluctuations and estrogen levels.
Vaginal dryness. Skin and the menstrual cycle. Hair and the menstrual cycle. Migraines and the menstrual cycle. Changes in cervical discharge and the cycle. Basal body temperature and the cycle. Science is evolving each day on how coronavirus affects pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum.
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What does estrogen do for the body? Types of estrogen In women and people who menstruate, there are potentially four major types of estrogen. How does estrogen estradiol change during the menstrual cycle? Sex hormone binding globulin SHBG is a protein that helps to keep your hormones in balance. What are the baby blues? Gender Equality Why are women and people with cycles underrepresented in health research?
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