Jobs included sorting and processing the possessions of everyone who arrived at the camp, administrative work and heavy manual work. The majority of those selected for any kind of work within this type of camp would die within weeks or months of their arrival from lack of food, disease or overwork.
Those that survived were often killed after a short period and replaced with new arrivals. Over the course of the Holocaust, more than three million people were killed at extermination camps. To escape antisemitism in Germany, the Wiener family had moved to Amsterdam in In , Ruth was incarcerated in Westerbork transit camp and later Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with her mother and two sisters.
At some camps inmates could still receive and send post. The Red Cross facilitated many of these letters between countries at war with each other. This telegram was sent from Dr. Wilhelm Gross, who was incarcerated in Westerbork transit camp, to his daughter Dora Gross, who had escaped as a refugee to Britain. Transit camps were camps where prisoners were briefly detained prior to deportation to other Nazi camps. Following the start of the Second World War , the Nazis occupied a number of countries.
Here, they implemented antisemitic and racial policies as they had done in Germany. These policies led to the establishment of a number of transit camps across the different occupied countries. Prisoners were held in these camps prior to their deportation to other camps, such as Bergen-Belsen or Auschwitz.
Overall, the conditions in the transit camps were similar to that of concentration camps — unsanitary and awful. Facilities were poor and overcrowding was common. Unlike most of the concentration camps within Germany not all of the transit camps were run by the SS. Camps could be run by local collaborators in the countries that they were based, such as Drancy, near Paris in France, which was run by the French Police until The Nazis started using forced labour shortly after their rise to power.
They established specific Arbeitslager labour camps which housed Ostarbeite r eastern workers , Fremdarbeiter foreign workers and other forced labourers who were forcibly rounded up and brought in from the east.
These were separate from the SS-run concentration camps, where prisoners were also forced to perform labour. The use of forced labour first began to grow significantly in , as rearmament caused labour shortages. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, the use of labour again increased sharply. The invasion of the Soviet Union in June further heightened demands on the war economy, and in turn, for labour.
Other Nazi camps, including death camps like Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec and Chelmno, are not included. Please note that prisoner and mortality figures are often rough estimates. Also, as many prisoners went through several camps, they were often counted more than once.
The Nazi Concentration Camps. Camps Nazi Germany was a land of camps. Operational April—October Prisoners c. Operational June —January Prisoners c. Some new camps were built at existing concentration camp complexes such as Auschwitz in occupied Poland. The camp at Lublin, later known as Majdanek , was established in the autumn of as a POW camp and became a concentration camp in Thousands of Soviet POWs were shot or gassed there.
Jews in Nazi-occupied lands often were first deported to transit camps such as Westerbork in the Netherlands, or Drancy in France, en route to the killing centers in German-occupied Poland. The transit camps were usually the last stop before deportation to a killing center. To help carry out the " Final Solution " the genocide or mass destruction of Jews , the Nazis established killing centers in German-occupied Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population.
Killing centers were designed for efficient mass murder. The first one, which opened in December , was Chelmno , where Jews and Roma were gassed in mobile gas vans. In , the Nazis opened the Belzec , Sobibor , and Treblinka killing centers to systematically murder the Jews of the General Government the territory in the interior of German-occupied Poland.
At the Auschwitz camp complex , the Birkenau killing center had four gas chambers, known here as crematoria. Here gassing took place using the pesticide Zyklon B hydrogen cyanide, or prussic acid. During the height of deportations to the camp in , an average of 6, Jews were gassed there each day. Millions of people were imprisoned, mistreated, and murdered in the various types of Nazi camps. Under SS management, the Germans and their collaborators murdered more than three million Jews in the killing centers alone.
Only a small fraction of those imprisoned in Nazi camps survived. Gutman, Yisrael and Michael Berenbaum, eds. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Wachsmann, Nikolaus. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Geoffrey Megargee. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia.
Civilian forced labor camps accounted for by far the most camps. Some 5. A third of them were women; the largest nationality groups were the 2. Many of those abducted were adolescents, even nine-year-old children. Most of the people in Western Europe were forced to work in Germany. In , 40, people from the Soviet Union were abducted off the streets per week. Throughout the Reich there were over 30, civilian forced labor camps — drafty and bug-infested barracks or overcrowded guesthouses, factory buildings and boat houses.
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